Climate Letter #1362

Posted on February 14, 2019 by Carl Campbell
Black carbon caused by burning fossil fuels makes a substantial contribution to Arctic warming (Inside Climate News).  Researchers have learned that this source of black carbon (or soot) deposits on icy or snowy surfaces is even greater than that from wildfires, which comes as a surprise.  The deposits darken the surface so that sunlight is captured rather than reflected, setting off significant warming processes.  Cutting off the source of this pollution would serve as a companion to reducing CO2 emissions as a means of curbing climate change in a region of very high sensitivity.

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https://insideclimatenews.org/news/13022019/arctic-warming-greenland-black-carbon-source-fossil-fuels-wildfires-study
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A new overview addresses the trend of nutritional needs in Africa (reliefweb).  The annual report showed an overall rise in malnutrition for the year, furthering a trend that began in 2017 after many years of decline.  “Today, a fifth of Africans are undernourished, representing a staggering 257 million individuals.”  Among the various causes that are noted, “Climate variability and extremes, in part due to climate change, is a present and growing threat to food security.”
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What coal mining does to water supplies for people living in Appalachia (BBC News).  This fine piece of journalism could be repeated in places all over the world.  It provides much added weight to all of the other reasons for completely eliminating this particular source of dirty energy.
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How Trump’s EPA has backed away from regulating toxic chemicals (Yale e360).  Another piece of fine journalism, with a story that exactly parallels the administration’s decisions to hire fossil fuel lobbyists to supervise the regulation of energy provision.  There is simply no interest in protecting either human health of the environment, a position that seems irrational but can still be explained in an understandable way.   Over 40% of the American people say they support this government, which is less easily explained.
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Can geoengineering provide a solution to climate change?   A new report expressing considerable doubt has been issued by a well-established, non-profit environmental law firm.  Their report “makes the case that the fossil fuel industry prefers geoengineering as an approach for addressing climate change because it allows the industry to keep arguing for continued fossil fuel use…..The authors of the new CEIL report argue that current climate goals are achievable without relying on geoengineering but that any scenario for meeting them would require an early, rapid phase-out of fossil fuels.”  https://www.desmogblog.com/2019/02/13/ciel-report-fossil-fuels-geoengineering-climate-risky-distraction?

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“Carbon farming” has great worldwide potential for storing more carbon in soil (Think Progress).  People interviewed for this report, plus those in the 4-minute video, believe that “billions of acres” of agricultural land have been seriously depleted over time and are capable of restoration, by as much as fifty tons of carbon (or more) that can be added to amounts retained in storage per acre.  We presently add about five billion tons of carbon element to the atmosphere each year, so do the math.
Carl

Posted in Daily Climate Letters | Comments Off on Climate Letter #1362

Climate Letter #1361

Posted on February 13, 2019 by Carl Campbell
A new study has issued some troublesome information related to methane hydrates.  There is a common understanding that much of the CO2 added to the atmosphere during the recovery from the last Ice Age was vented out of the oceans, principally the Southern Ocean.  This study claims to have found evidence that the source of much of that carbon came by way of the melting of methane hydrates.  The authors believe this should add to our concerns that a future increase in such melting, on possibly a larger scale, may not be far off.  I think this report will generate more controversy than immediate acceptance, but so far there has been little publicity about it nor has much been said in response.

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https://phys.org/news/2019-02-undersea-gases-superheat-planet.html
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Another new study describes the way climate will change for North American cities within one generation.  It does so in a simple way by transplanting today’s cities to more southerly locations now occupied by others.  “Under current high emissions the average urban dweller is going to have to drive more than 500 miles to the south to find a climate like that expected in their home city by 2080.”  It’s an interesting tool of conceptualization, tied mainly to current emitting practices, and there is room left for adjustments if mitigating actions are taken.
https://phys.org/news/2019-02-climate-north-american-cities-shift.html
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There is new evidence backing theories about the vulnerability of ice shelves to breaking up.  “For the first time, a research team co-led by CIRES-based scientists, has directly observed an Antarctic ice shelf bending under the weight of ponding meltwater on top, a phenomenon that may have triggered the 2002 collapse of the Larsen B ice shelf. And ice shelf flexure could potentially impact other vulnerable ice shelves, causing them to break up, quickening the discharge of ice into the ocean and contributing to global sea level rise.”  The effect is likely to increase as air temperatures rise.
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An analysis of a major source of carbon emissions in the US that is poorly recognized (Wired).  This is a story about the perverse impacts of urban sprawl, which detracts from overall quality of life in a number of other ways.  The description is convincing and the article goes on with provision of practical ideas that would help to bring relief.
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Humans are capable of making significant gains in vegetation growth that captures carbon.  A close study has found that when real efforts are made to grow forests, reclaim wasteland, improve crop management and so on the actual results are even better than expected for carbon removal and control.  While rising CO2 levels are partly spent on natural greening, human activity can do an even better job, and faster.  This should encourage more such activity, beside the elimination of practices that are destructive and on balance have an even larger current impact.
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What to watch for in “Green New Deal” proposals (USA Today).  This is the sort of thing I was referring to in a comment made in yesterday’s Climate Letter.  The proponents can easily be accused of using climate change as a wedge to help enact their primary goal, which is a radically progressive agenda, and Republicans are already doing exactly that.  In order for climate action to be really and truly effective it must first of all be a bi-partisan undertaking, and everyone, in all classes of society, might temporarily be required to make sacrifices that reduce their current, historically extravagant standard of living based on fossil fuels—and yes, the rich much more so than the poor.
Carl

Posted in Daily Climate Letters | Comments Off on Climate Letter #1361

Climate Letter #1360

Posted on February 12, 2019 by Carl Campbell
A British ‘leftwing thinktank’ has issued a report grounded on environmental disasters (The Guardian).  This is interesting because the report achieves a much broader perspective than what is usual for a politicized argument.  It properly shows that climate change is just one of a perfect storm of destructive practices that are messing with the planet’s habitability.  It also introduces economic weaknesses that are a threat to future prosperity, but only as kind of a secondary sideshow.  The authorship understands that if the environmental component is not solved—on every level—the economic issues or setbacks become irrelevant.  Proponents of the Green New Deal in the US would do well to follow this same track.  The radical solutions that are called for need to be thoroughly disconnected from traditional modes of class warfare and designed instead around pure fundamentals of survival, much like those required for mobilization in cases of total war.

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The Guardian also has an editorial based on yesterday’s new study about the global decline of insect populations and the need for extensive agricultural reform.  This is a reinforcing of part of the same narrative found in the story above.
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New calculations show that volumes of ice in the world’s mountain glaciers have been overestimated.  With respect to High Mountain Asia, which includes the Himalayas, the Tibetan Plateau and more, “The study indicates that previous calculations overestimated this volume by almost a quarter…..In light of these new calculations, we have to assume that glaciers in High Mountain Asia might disappear more quickly than we thought so far.”  An unrelated study reported on February 4 (CL #1354) gave a comprehensive warning about the rapid warming of these glaciers without any mention of this new data.
https://phys.org/news/2019-02-ice-volume-anew.html
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A new study finds correlation between heavy losses of Arctic sea ice and extreme, abrupt warming events on Greenland during the last glacial period.  “During some of these events, Greenland temperatures are likely to have increased by 16 degrees Celsius in less than a decade.”  The study is said to have implications for those who make determinations of the outcome of current sea ice losses.
https://phys.org/news/2019-02-arctic-sea-ice-loss-linked.html
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Climate change has become the number one worry of a majority of those surveyed in 26 countries, and is rising sharply (Earther).  Pew Research Center interviewed over 27,000 individuals in conducting the survey.  “…..worry about climate change stands out the most, with a median of 67 percent of survey respondents listing it as their top threat last year, compared with 63 percent in 2017 and 56 percent in 2013.”  (For Americans, the top worry was cyberattacks from other countries.)
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The concept of ‘weather whiplash’ is adding to its reputation as a regular impact of climate change (Scientific American).  This story is about the reasons for seeing more participation from winter weather in that role.
Carl

Posted in Daily Climate Letters | Comments Off on Climate Letter #1360

Climate Letter #1359

Posted on February 11, 2019 by Carl Campbell
A new study draws some conclusions about the ‘rapid intensification’ kind of hurricanes (Yale e360).  They are happening more frequently—largely due to climate change—and are especially dangerous for several reasons. As noted, “the five most destructive Atlantic storms of the past two years all went through rapid intensification, including Hurricanes Harvey, Irma, Maria, Florence, and Michael.”

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https://e360.yale.edu/digest/atlantic-hurricanes-are-becoming-stronger-faster-largely-due-to-climate-change
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The world’s driest desert has been flooding (Bloomberg).  This has happened to Chile’s Atacama desert on the northern Pacific coast.  In southern Chile forest fires have consumed some of the world’s wettest woodlands.  Further, this nation’s capital city has set record high temperatures three times in three years, and is also drying out.
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There is a severe worldwide decline in insect populations (The Guardian).  Many local and regional studies have observed such declines in recent years, and now for the first time a global survey has consolidated those that are most meaningful into one general review.  “The rate of extinction is eight times faster than that of mammals, birds and reptiles. The total mass of insects is falling by a precipitous 2.5% a year, according to the best data available, suggesting they could vanish within a century.”  A number of reasons for this are listed and rated, with climate change having one of the lesser roles.  A major change in agricultural practices is of vital importance to both insect populations and the climate.
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The demand for oil is rising, and big oil is preparing to satisfy that demand (The Economist).  Those are simple facts of life, regardless of what else you hear going on.  “No firm embodies this strategy better than ExxonMobil,….As our briefing explains, it plans to pump 25% more oil and gas in 2025 than in 2017…..All of the majors, not just ExxonMobil, are expected to expand their output.”  This is not the fault of the oil companies, nor are they doing something illegal.  The solution lies in curbing demand, something that free markets seem not inclined to accomplish on their own.  The restrictive forces that could be applied, at least in theory, have been reluctant to do so.  This fine essay explores the available options.
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Current scientific models do a good job of calculating changes in ocean heat content (Yale Climate Connections).  Dana Nuccitelli has put together a good chart depicting what an average of the best models indicates compared with several sources of the best available observational data, starting in 1955.  Data collection has greatly improved in the last few decades leading to a more regular trend along with being more accurate.  The chart shows a steadily increased trend since 1995 in the total amount of heat collected, and also a remarkably consistent quantity of terajoules added each year.  The latter means the energy imbalance at the top of the atmosphere—from energy out being less than energy in—has in fact not been changing much from year to year.  About 93% of the total imbalance is being stored away in the oceans while the rest is stored on land or in the atmosphere, or used up by on-balance melting of ice.  The last paragraph of the story also adds a good point related to thermal inertia.
Carl

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Climate Letter #1358

Posted on February 8, 2019 by Carl Campbell
Some thoughts about Hansen’s 2018 global temperature report, published two days ago.  Please reopen the link at https://mailchi.mp/caa/global-temperature-in-2018-and-beyond?e=e368e4e899…and keep it handy for reference to the two main charts showing temperature trends since 1880.  The following comments apply to those charts.

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1.  There are three temperature trends, global, land and ocean, that each follow an almost perfect straight-line trajectory starting at or just before 1975.  If you simply extend the global line on its present course it would reach the lower limit of the Paris Agreement, 1.5C, in about 25 years, and then 2.0C in another 30 years.  In the first 25 years the extended land line average would reach 2.4C, oceans just 1.1C.  If that were to happen the excess of the land average over global would be all of 0.9C, which compares with a current difference of 0.5C.  Studies of future impacts from rising temperatures, which are always focused on the global number, would need to start accounting for that difference, and the sooner the better, since all of us have our homes on land and some land is actually warming up at a rate well above that average.
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2.  Because of the difference in total area, the global average always ends up weighted about 70/30 in favor of the readings taken over oceans.  There is actually a third category, area covered by sea ice, maybe 2-3% of the whole, which is not included with either land or ocean totals, nor does it have any chart or other report of anomalous change for the air above.  Most of that ice is on or around the Arctic Ocean, and that region, unlike Antarctic sea ice, has been warming at a rate among the highest anywhere.
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3.  Why are the land and ocean anomalies so different?  They each receive about the same amount of solar radiation as before all this happened, as the increase in greenhouse gases is well-diffused over the surface of the globe.  I think land surfaces, on the whole, are more greatly exposed to the kind of aerosols that have a cooling effect, so that is not the answer.  The primary reason, which is well-known, is that the surfaces of all the oceans lie atop a vast heat sink, but not so for land surfaces.  That heat sink is made up of waters that are mostly cooler than the surface waters (even icy cold at the very bottom) and these lower waters, being constantly in motion, can steadily pick up and absorb some of the extra energy arriving at the surface, thus keeping the surface, as well as the adjacent air, cooler than otherwise.  “Otherwise” directly refers to land surfaces, which, with a few minor exceptions, have practically no heat sink and can only keep sharing all the incoming extra energy with the air immediately above.
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4.  There is one more factor involved, which I have not talked about before, that may give some advantage to temperatures over land and probably also the high Arctic latitudes.  That is due to an increase in water vapor that has its source in the warming of tropical ocean waters, by increased evaporation.  For starters, evaporation has a cooling effect of some significance on the waters left behind.  The water vapor that results introduces a powerful greenhouse effect of its own, which finds its way into the upper atmosphere and from there joins the traditional parade of vapor that constantly seeks clear pathways away from the tropics and toward the poles.  In the Northern Hemisphere those pathways tend to alter the moisture load of air over land, and have even had some luck penetrating the circular winds that normally protect the high Arctic, which usually has extremely dry air, thus adding impetus to the energy needed for melting sea ice.
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5.  What would happen if CO2 and other greenhouse gas emissions ended, but existing levels in the atmosphere largely remained in place?  Land surface temperatures, being already in equilibrium, should show no further increases, but remain about where they are until greenhouse radiation can be lowered.  The oceans are different.  They would continue delivering much of their regular energy intake to the waters below, but those waters do not have an infinite capacity to add heat.  They would continue to grow warmer, but, with ocean surfaces no longer gaining energy from above, the difference between warmth of the surface and warmth of the lower waters would narrow, and the lower waters would gradually take less and less heat from the surface as the two approached equilibrium, allowing the surface and the closely related air above to grow warmer.  While this was happening the surface would gradually be catching up with land temperatures, dragging the lower water temperatures up with it, over a very long period of time, centuries.
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6.  Land and ocean surface temperatures can both eventually be reduced, but not until the total amount of incoming energy they experience is reduced, principally by subtracting greenhouse gases from the atmosphere.  Unfortunately, 2018 saw, not a subtraction, but a record addition.
Carl

Posted in Daily Climate Letters | Comments Off on Climate Letter #1358

Climate Letter #1357

Posted on February 7, 2019 by Carl Campbell
There are two new studies out that relate to the melting of polar ice sheets and their likely impact.  These studies have related and well-respected authorship, are full of interesting material, some favorable and some not so favorable, and thus have attracted a great deal of attention.  I can give you several reviews to look at, all of which have good points to make, starting with one from Carbon Brief that is fairly comprehensive.  For a quick tip, the one most favorable result of the research is that the hypothesis of “marine ice-cliff instability” (MICI) has come under serious attack, such that maybe we don’t have to worry about getting ten feet of sea level rise in this century.  That would be a huge relief, although the debate has probably not ended.  Also, there is an underlying story here that informs us about the way science works when scientists are all on their best behavior.

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(There are links at the end of this to the two full reports, with open access.)
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This report from Vox gives more attention to the “second” of the two studies, which places a spotlight on high volumes of ice sheet meltwater, the processes that are caused by its presence, and the impact on climate conditions over widespread areas that result.  Referring to Greenland, one of the authors told Vox, “The thing that surprised me most was the scale of climate impact from actually a small amount of ice loss. You don’t need to lose much ice from the ice sheet before you see tangible effects on the climate.”
–Another good review, from Phys.org, that is only about the “second” study.  It concludes with, “According to the researchers, current global climate policies set in place under the Paris Agreement do not take into account the full effects of ice sheet melt likely to be seen in future.”
https://phys.org/news/2019-02-ice-sheets-climate-chaos.html
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Chris Mooney has interviewed scientists who explain why they think the debate over various aspects of ice cliff fracturing and collapse is still very much alive (The Daily Galaxy).  Their arguments center on efforts to explain the extraordinarily high sea level known to have existed during the last interglacial period, more than 115,000 years ago.  A point is made that things are happening today at a pace much faster than what took place in the past.
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If you are interested in a rare glimpse of the human side of doing science research, here is a personal blog written by the lead author of the more controversial of the two studies.
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More excerpts from the new book by David Wallace-Wells, from New York magazine. (See also CL #1354 from Feb. 4).  In this post he mostly takes an extended look at the many issues surrounding hopes for removing large quantities of CO2 from the air, now presumed to be a necessity.
Carl

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Climate Letter #1356

Posted on February 6, 2019 by Carl Campbell
A scale has been created for rating the strength and impact of “atmospheric rivers.”  It is similar to the rating system for hurricanes, except that in this case the weakest ones are largely beneficial while the strongest are primarily hazardous.  Actual examples are given in this story.

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–More in-depth information about these rivers and the rating system from Scientific American:
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In Queensland, Australia, a combination of severe and prolonged drought was quickly followed by massive flooding.  For cattle ranchers the result has been utterly disastrous.  The seasonality itself is normal, but having one extreme followed by another is intolerable
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Scientists have found a direct link between climate change and the decline of kelp forests.  Previous studies had mainly linked the decline around Australia to the work of invasive species.  This research suggests that kelp forests all over the world are in danger from certain diseases caused by ocean warming and acidification.  “The study has implications for the health and resilience of entire marine ecosystems…..The impact of losing the kelp forests would be the same as cutting down all the trees on the land. All the animals would be affected. It is the same in the oceans. If we lose the physical structure of the habitat, we lose the ecosystems.”
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An interview with an expert on the relationship between the US and China with respect to climate change policies and cooperation.  Kelly Sims Gallagher was co-author of the new book, Titans of the Climate: Explaining Policy Process in the United States and China (MIT Press).  The questions are pointed and her answers are straight.  The relationship is pivotal to the future of the Paris Agreement and what it means for life on the planet.  “It all depends on the next presidential election in the U.S. If Trump wins, I feel very pessimistic, both about the U.S.-China relationship and about our ability to deal with climate change. You just don’t know how much longer countries will put up with this kind of behavior. That vicious cycle is more likely to ensue.”
https://phys.org/news/2019-02-climate.html?
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Global temperature data for 2018 from the James Hansen website.  This data is based on the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) analysis, making use of an 1880-1920 baseline temperature average as a suitable proxy for the pre-industrial average–which completely lacks a viable database to draw from.  Note that the almost perfect straight line uptrend since the early ’70s will soon be fifty years old, covering more than a 0.8C increase so far in that stretch.  Scroll down and take a good look at the land and ocean trend data, which cries out for analysis that the science community seldom gives much attention to.  I will soon give you my own updated interpretation of.what those figures mean, and portend.
Carl

Posted in Daily Climate Letters | Comments Off on Climate Letter #1356

Climate Letter #1355

Posted on February 5, 2019 by Carl Campbell
Climate change is bringing disaster to Tasmania (The Guardian).  This island nation, with a population of one-half million, has unique forest ecosystems that do not regenerate when burned.  The fire rate has greatly worsened, often caused by a new phenomenon called “dry lightning.”  “Tasmanians find themselves living in a frightening new world where summer is no longer a time of joy, but a period of smog-drenched dread that goes on week after week, and it seems inevitable, month after month. Whole communities have been evacuated and are living in evacuation centres or bunking down with friends and families.”

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https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/feb/05/tasmania-is-burning-the-climate-disaster-future-has-arrived-while-those-in-power-laugh-at-us
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Australia just had its warmest month in history (Axios).  It beat the previous January record by the rare margin of nearly a full degree Celsius.  Noona, a city in New South Wales, had a record “high low” of 96.6F on January 18.
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New research finds an association between the warming of land surfaces and increased air pollution.   “A robust response to an increase in greenhouse gases is that the land is going to warm faster than the ocean. This enhanced land warming is also associated with increased continental aridity…..The increase in aridity leads to decreased low cloud cover and less rain, which is the main way that aerosols are removed from the atmosphere.”  The greater build-up of aerosols between rains makes it more difficult to control air pollution.  “The results show that the hotter Earth gets, the harder it’s going to be to keep air pollution down to a certain level without strict control over the sources of aerosols.”
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0401-4
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How American attitudes toward climate change are changing, from a leading pollster.  A group from George Mason University (together with Yale) has been immersed in this issue for a decade.  This post has an 8-minute video featuring a PhD-level spokesman who discusses all of the key findings with an interviewer.
–Two professors from the University of Washington identify reasons for the sharp disconnect between the way Americans express themselves in polls and the way they vote (The Conversation). They believe the problem lies with questions that lack needed elements of a more incisive type.
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From Citizens’ Climate Lobby, some practical advice for anyone who wants to learn how to effectively communicate on the subject of climate change.  (See yesterday’s Climate Letter for more on that topic).  It leads off with an interesting statistical analysis of the six different attitudes commonly found in those who may be listening.
Carl

Posted in Daily Climate Letters | Comments Off on Climate Letter #1355

Climate Letter #1354

Posted on February 4, 2019 by Carl Campbell
A massive new report covers the threat to Himalayan glaciers.  The 650-page report had 210 authors and took five years to complete.  “Two-thirds of Himalayan glaciers, the world’s “Third Pole”, could melt by 2100 if global emissions are not sharply reduced, scientists warned in a major new study issued Monday.  Even if the most ambitious Paris Agreement goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit) is achieved, one-third of the glaciers would go, according to the Hindu Kush Himalaya Assessment.”  There was no indication of any way to prevent further melting to the lesser extent, which is apparently unstoppable.  About 2 billion people will be affected by water shortages and more.    https://phys.org/news/2019-02-two-thirds-himalayan-glaciers.html

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–The Guardian also has good coverage of this important report, with some added insights:
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A new study has something favorable to say about Greenland’s ice sheet.  There have been geological changes over the past million years that make it less sensitive to warming than it was before, and thus we still have a chance to save most of it from melting—if we control the warming trend.  The authors include two well-known veteran ice sheet scientists, Richard Alley and David Pollard.
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Climate journalist David Wallace-Wells has written a book about the possible devastation that our planet faces if there is no radical change of course.  David believes the impacts will be greater than most people have been lead to believe, based on his knowledge of scientific studies that have not received the attention they deserved.  This post from The Guardian contains an edited extract from the book itself, which is entitled, The Uninhabitable Earth: A Story Of The Future.
–Note: An example of one of the studies David makes reference to can be found in CL #1201 on last June 26, which took into account the type of long-term impacts that occur due to changes in the functions of the Earth System.  Most forecasting is limited to only those impacts that are likely in the current century.
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Separately, The Guardian also has published an interview with Wallace-Wells that is more focused on the personal struggles he has experienced in his chosen career path:
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An organization called Crowdsourcing Sustainability has asked sixteen public figures to offer high-priority recommendations for what every concerned individual can or should do to help promote the movement that is seeking a more aggressive level of climate action.  They have good answers, with a lot of stress on the importance of communicating.  (And I would add, the more one actually knows about climate science and how it works, the better one’s ability to communicate with confidence.)
Carl

Posted in Daily Climate Letters | Comments Off on Climate Letter #1354

Climate Letter #1353

Posted on February 1, 2019 by Carl Campbell
An improved understanding of the way surface water flows and overturns in the Atlantic (Carbon Brief).  There is new research that adds significant findings that alter the usual picture of how and where the system operates.  The currents, which have a huge influence on weather conditions across Europe, are subject to important variables, which in turn are influenced by climate change.  This post is not very helpful toward drawing big conclusions about the future, but it does create a clear picture of what is going on and sets up the best terminology for describing it.

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https://www.carbonbrief.org/major-study-uncovers-sea-change-in-worlds-understanding-of-atlantic-conveyor-belt?
–Here is a link to the press release about the new research, which was a substantial undertaking that took five years and considerable expense just to complete the first phase.  That fact should highlight its importance.
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Another reason for why there is such intense interest in studying the Thwaites Glacier (see yesterday’s Climate Letter).  Scientists working for the US Department of Energy recently published a paper discussing the results of a computerized model that has all the latest technology that can describe the dynamic mechanisms at play around the underwater grounding line beneath the glacial front.  The experiment found a point where small changes in melting would lead to instabilities that would be irreversible for centuries.  “This positive feedback for the Marine Ice Sheet Instability mechanism means that details concerning how the ocean forces ice sheets across the threshold for instability will be critical for determining long-term rates of sea level rise.”  With ten feet of sea level rise at stake, this explains the rush to obtain an abundance of hard data.
https://phys.org/news/2019-02-near-term-ocean-antarctica-affects-long-term.html?
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A new discovery points to an increased rate of carbon emissions from the melting of permafrost.  Credible experiments show a secondary release that involves the strengthened greenery growing on melted soils  “As the Arctic warms, more plants are growing in these ecosystems, doing their part to remove some carbon from the atmosphere by incorporating it into their biomass…..But Pegoraro’s findings suggest that plants may also contribute to some soil carbon loss by releasing glucose from their roots into soil…..We need to consider priming effects to fully understand permafrost carbon dynamics…Otherwise we could underestimate how much carbon is being lost to the atmosphere.”  https://phys.org/news/2019-02-grad-student-adding-fresh-carbon.html
–Note:  The lead author of the study was a promising grad student.  There were eleven other scientists involved in the work, several of whom are well-known veterans of permafrost research with many past publications of their own.   Link to the Abstract:
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What caused the peak cooling of The Little Ice Age in the early 16th century?  A team of four scientists have published a report arguing that much of it was due to the devastation of native populations in North America after 1492 from the spreading of European diseases for which they had no immunity.  Large areas of cleared land was therefore abandoned, followed by a regrowth of forests that pulled large quantities of CO2 from the air.  Here is a description of their thesis, written for The Conversation:
–Their full study, which is quite lengthy, is available at this link:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379118307261#!
Carl

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